How "Current" is Culture?
No people come into possession of a culture without having paid a heavy price for it.
- James A Baldwin
Cultural Directions for the Global Traveller
Germany: If you read Bedienung in a restaurant then the tip is included else add 10-15% for gratuity. Germans are rather formal - until you know your host
personally, use a title - Herr (Mr), Frau (Mrs), Fraulein (Miss). Let your host move the relationship to a first-name basis. Greet women first during
introductions but wait for them to offer a hand. |
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Hong Kong: Businesspeople in Hong Kong are world famous for professionalism: formal but cordial. Hong Kong Chinese widely exchange gift baskets of cheese,
crackers, meats and liquor. Cognac is a favourite, especially VSOP. A gift will be expected if you arrive during Chinese New Year in February. |
Hungary: Taking photos outside normal tourist areas may arouse suspicion. Don't bring political literature. Gifts of computer or technology magazines are
appreciated, also Western liquor. Err on the formal side in dress and business etiquette. Avoid bright or flashy clothing which is thought to be in poor taste. |
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India: Cows are sacred to Hindus - not to be eaten! Nor do Muslims eat pork. Upon entering a home, if you're greeted with a garland of flowers,
remove it immediately as a sign of humility. Avoid talk of politics, free trade and poverty. |
Ivory Coast (Cote d'Ivoire): The official language is French, but English is spoken widely in hotels and business offices. Make appointments well in
advance. You may be asked to wait for a short time to see your contact. Present your business card to your contact or his or her secretary. A handshake is customary. |
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Puerto Rico: Shake hands with your host; women may embrace or grasp one another's shoulders and kiss on the cheek. Stand close when speaking - a move away might
seem insulting. Although Puerto Rico is a US territory, refer to it as if it were an independent country. |
Singapore: In British tradition, business is conducted formally. Singaporeans are well-educated and generally follow world events closely. Don't take
controversial literature. Littering and spitting in public is serious: the fine is about $500. Tipping is generally accepted. |
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Spain: The Spanish lunch hour falls around 2:00pm; dinner is 10:30pm or even later. Social dining in Spain often centers in local restaurants rather than private homes. |
Source: AT&T International Traveler Newsletter "for individuals who frequently travel abroad" © 1992
Were these directions ever important to the frequent traveller? If so, do they still convey useful information? I haven't been to any of these places, but
suspect this is more for entertainment than instruction.
I am of the opinion that good manners transcend culture. If a Hong Kong businessman will be offended because I don't know to bring him expensive alcohol, then it is he who
is ill-mannered by not having his assistant discreetly let me know ahead of time - because his "requirement" exceeds the bounds of mere good manners. Likewise, for an Indian
to give me a garland of flowers, then consider my manners bad because I don't remove it immediately seems to me to border on the silly. There are more important things in
life - courtesy, kindness, interest - than these.
Recruiters in Europe, Asia and the Middle East typically look for requirements you wouldn't normally include on a concise American resume - such as citizenship and passport data,
your date and place of birth and your marital status. The resume should be understated to the point of being self-effacing and should contain substantive rather than active
verbs. Repeating a word is a sign you don't know the language well, a prerequisite for just about any managerial job overseas.
See also:
| How Cultural Are Personal Values? - Despite Hitchcock's interest in discovering
commonalities between East Asians and Americans, he found fundamental differences not just with societal values but also with regard to personal values... |
If Every Country Were Asked to Write a Book About Elephants
| The English book - Elephants I Have Shot on Safari |
| The Welsh book - The Elephant and Its Influence on Welsh Language and Culture or: Oes ysgol tocynnau eleffant llanfairpwll nhadau coeden. |
| The American book - How to Make Bigger and Better Elephants |
| The Japanese book - How to Make Smaller And Cheaper Elephants |
| The Greek book - How to Sell Elephants for a Lot of Money |
| The Finnish book - What Do Elephants Think of Finnish People? |
| The German book - A Short Introduction to Elephants Volumes 1-6. |
| The Icelandic book - Defrosting an Elephant |
| The Swiss book - Switzerland: The Country through which Hannibal Went with His Elephants |
| The Canadian book - Elephants: A Federal or State Issue? |
| The Swedish book - How to Reduce Your Taxes with Elephants |
Source: The web
Cultural Directions for the Time Traveller
Sub Sole Nihil Novi
Fed up with Christmas and all its excesses? Such woes have an ancient provenance. The following manuscript was recently unearthed during building work in
Rome. Written in colloquial, even chatty, Latin (our translation can only be an approximation), the text is a first-century guide to etiquette during Saturnalia, the pagan
festival which Christmas replaced. Such guides were popular among imperial Rome’s workaholic middle class
Saturnalia is the most wonderful time of the year, and also the worst. You want to enjoy yourself, but every December you end up exhausted,
hungover and broke. All that shopping! All those presents! All that food! All those children and slaves running riot all over the house!
Relax. The key to a great Saturnalia is planning. Follow our question-and-answer guide, and you will never drag yourself like a corpse into January again.
| How many days can I take off? |
The vital question, of course. Saturnalia was originally only one day, the 14th before the Kalends of January. Augustus allowed three days for it, December 17th to
19th, but he was a man of severe habits. The festival usually lasts for a week, and most people take as much time off as they can get away with. Macrobius talks of
lounging around "for most of January". That is certainly too long, but the point of Saturnalia is that, with the schools and the law courts closed, people can take a break
from the frantic pace of modern life. Here’s what Saturn himself has to say about it, in Lucian’s words:
During my week the serious is barred; no business allowed. Drinking, noise and games and dice, appointing of kings and feasting of slaves, singing naked, clapping of
frenzied hands, an occasional ducking of corked faces in icy water - such are the functions over which I preside.
Not everyone can take a break, of course. Essential services need to be maintained. Cooks go on cooking, accounting for the pall of smog that hangs over us all in
December, and the shops stay open for those last-minute gifts you’ve forgotten. Abroad, too, those men engaged on expanding our glorious empire have to go on doing
so. Only actually starting battles is forbidden. A generation ago Cicero, writing from Cilicia to a friend back home, described how a minor tribe called the
Pindenissitae ("Who the hell are the Pindenissitae?" you will ask) had given him a great Saturnalia present by surrendering to him, and that he had taken 3,000 prisoners who,
when sold at auction, had fetched 12m sesterces. "The soldiers are enjoying the festival thoroughly," he added.
| Do I have to go to the temple? |
Temple-going on the first day of Saturnalia is optional, but it is traditional and good for appearances. Most of us seem to have forgotten the religious point of the
festival, if we ever knew what it was. Saturn (just to remind you) is the sickle-wielding god of sowing and grafting. He presided over the Age of Gold, that magic and
long-past transformation of the world, when lions lay down with lambs and the earth brought forth crops without ploughing. At Saturn’s feast, for just a few days, we pretend
we are back in that time of bliss and plenty, "when wine flowed in rivers, and there were fountains of milk and honey; when all men were good and all men were gold," as Lucian says.
Virgil once wrote that we are expecting a new golden age that will be heralded by the birth of a mystical child, a bringer of universal peace. It’s a nice story for poets
and children, but of course we all know that universal peace is what the emperor brings us, if rather more expensively.
| What do I wear? |
No problem here. You are absolutely required to leave off the toga and put on the synthesis instead. (It’s that thing in the back of your wardrobe which looks like
a dressing gown, only made of flimsier stuff.) Togas mean business, lawsuits, affairs of state; the synthesis says that you are going to PARTY. Some people complain
that it makes no sense to dress like this when there is ice on the ground and Boreas is blowing, especially when they have sweated through the summer in an all-wool toga
praetexta. But nil desperandum - put on lots of tunics underneath, a fur cloak on top, and beat the slave who fires up the hypocaust.
| Is it essential to give parties? |
Yes, it is. Only social losers hang round the Arcades trying to cadge an invitation. As Lucian says, there are two main reasons for offering Saturnalia hospitality
to your friends:
In the first place they banish dull silence from your table, and are ready with a good story, a harmless jest, or some other contribution to entertainment; that is the way to
please the gods of wine and love and beauty. And secondly they win your love by spreading abroad next morning your hospitable fame. These are things that would be
cheap at a considerable price.
A few party suggestions:
- Inviting "More than the Graces" (three) but "less than the Muses" (nine) is the best rule.
- Food should be plentiful but not extravagant, eggs and fish for a starter, followed by boar and turbot, then sow’s teats and Lucrine oysters and sausages and pastry,
followed by cheese and fruit for dessert.
- Keep the wine well watered.
- Myrtle is always a good choice for decorations.
- And the conversation should be decent but never serious. Even Caesar, Cicero said, would discuss "only light matters such as literature".
- Games are essential. "The dice-box reigns supreme," as Martial says. A favourite is choosing a king of the party on a throw of the dice, who then makes the other
guests take their clothes off, libel each other or take turns with the flute-girl. People will play for hours, and bet on anything that moves.
| What about presents? |
This is the biggest Saturnalia headache of all, but the answer is simple: give them to everyone. This means your clients, your patron, your lawyer, your wife, your
mistresses, your slaves and your children. Make a list of them, and omit no one. "I hate the crafty and mischievous arts of presents," Martial says; "Gifts are like
fish-hooks." But at Saturnalia everyone is fishing, and everyone is biting.
How much should I spend? you will ask. Again, the answer is simple: as much as you can afford. Even the young Claudius, who was thought too much of a simpleton to
be given a magistracy or anything of that sort, was allowed 40 pieces of gold by Tiberius to spend on Saturnalia presents. And Pliny the Younger reminds us that Julius
Bassus, once pro-consul of Bithynia, defended himself against charges of rapine and extortion in his province by saying that he had needed the money "for a few slight gifts on
his birthday and at Saturnalia." This will give you some idea of the expenditure required. Lucian suggests putting aside a tenth of your income, as well as going
through your cupboards to see if you can spare any old clothes or tableware. These will do for freedmen. Give your slaves a few pennies to spend at the fair in the
Forum, where they sell the sort of trinkets slaves like, and give your children nuts and clay toys: they will be broken in a day anyway. But be extremely careful about how
you go about cutting corners with everybody else. The tribune Publicius once suggested that because Saturnalia was such a burden on the poor (and even the non-poor), no one
should give anything but wax tapers to anyone richer than himself. He was obviously a fool.
Whole books have been written on what to give at Saturnalia. Martial’s Good Gift Guide suggests you cannot go wrong with a nice stationery set, new toga, alabaster
bottles for the ladies, or set of silverware. If these are too expensive, the standard offerings these days are a box of candles, set of napkins or jar of
plums. Although unoriginal, these are quite acceptable; and, if kept unopened, they can be recycled with nobody noticing. It was sheer bad luck that when Umber sent
Martial a festive cornucopia of writing tablets, beans, tablecloths, sponges, olives and figs by special delivery (8 tall Syrian slaves), Martial should have spotted that these
were all the presents that people had sent to Umber in the five days before.
If you prefer not to recycle, you can try to reduce the worth of your presents year by year, so that the togas get thinner, the cups lighter and the candles more
transparent. But this should not be taken too far. Martial complained that the weight of Postumianus’s present of silverware fell from 4 pounds in the first year to 2
pounds in the second year and 1 in the fifth, until in the seventh he sent him "1/2 a pound of silver scrapings in a little cup". To another colleague he wrote what might be
called an "Ode to Meanness":
You send me, Paulus, a leaf from a praetor’s crown, and give it the name of a wine-cup. Some toy of the stage has perhaps recently been covered with this thin
substance, and a dash of pale saffron-water washed it off. Or is it rather a piece of gilding scraped off (as I think it may be) by the nail of a cunning servant from the leg of your couch?
Many friends are a puzzle when it comes to presents. Looking for that special gift for the man or woman who has everything? Can’t face another jar of plums this
year? Why not consider some of Martial’s other suggestions:
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live mullets |
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a peacock-feather fly-whisk |
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a snow strainer |
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"Cilician socks from the beard of the fetid goat" |
| How can I avoid family arguments
over which shows to watch? |
There is no point in having such arguments, since nothing of quality is ever put on for the holidays. It is always the same old formula: criminals torn to pieces, a commercial
break, followed by Gauls eviscerated, and ending with a crowd-scramble when the emperor throws out vouchers for free wine.
| Do I have to give my slaves time off? |
Unfortunately, yes. Part of the vaguely religious point of Saturnalia is that it is a festival of freedom: "When I was king," Lucian’s Saturn says, "slavery was
not." This is why prisoners are not executed (except for your viewing pleasure) and children are excused from school; and it is also why your slaves are allowed to dress up,
dance, insult you to your face, refuse to wait at table and generally misbehave. It is horribly inconvenient, just when you are trying to impress your friends and hangers-on
with the quality of your domestic service, to find it in flagrante in the garden, or throwing up in the street. But just for a week, all men are equal. You must
indulge all this with a tight-lipped smile.
| How do I deal with unwanted guests? |
You must be nice to them, even when they are relatives you wish you didn’t have or friends on whom you thought you had turned your back. That is the Saturnalia
spirit. And remember, when they walk cheerily through the door, that things might be worse: they might be Julius Caesar and half his army, who turned up uninvited one
Saturnalia and expected Cicero to entertain them. The great orator, of course, was stoical about it:
It was really very pleasant. But when he arrived at Philippus’s place on the evening of December 18th, the house was so thronged by the soldiers that there was hardly a
spare room for Caesar himself to dine in. Two thousand men, no less! I was really worried about what would happen the next day, but Cassius Barba came to my rescue
and posted sentries on the house. On the 19th, after being anointed, Caesar took his place at dinner. He was following a course of emetics, and so both ate and drank
with uninhibited enjoyment. It was a really fine, well-appointed meal. His entourage moreover was lavishly entertained in three other dining rooms. The humbler
freedmen and slaves had all they wanted - the smarter ones I entertained in style. In a word, I showed them I knew how to live. Still, my guest was not the kind of
person to whom one says, "Do come again when you are next in the neighbourhood."
| Can’t I just skip the whole thing? |
You must be a philosopher, or some other sad Greek. It is not done to get out of Saturnalia, and only spoilsports try. However, if you insist, you could always
retire to your country house and, once there, retreat still further to a summer house in the garden. Pliny the Younger did this. He told a friend that when he sat
there, with the interior curtains drawn and the windows open on views of the sea, he was quite unable to hear, in the house, "the licence and mirth of the servants. I don’t
hinder their festivities," he wrote, "and they don’t disturb my studies." The philosopher Seneca did much the same in his flat in the middle of Rome, and Juvenal said he
knew lots of starving poets who simply spent the holidays in their attics, getting their verses ready for the publisher.
For poets, of course, the unbridled excess and commercialism of the festival is disgusting. Others might agree. But there is a good reason for taking part, even if
you remain unmoved by the magic of these "best of days", as Catullus calls them. The world’s only superpower will never preserve its booming economy without the wild holiday
spending of ordinary Romans. In this consumer-led Golden Age, Saturnalia is no longer an indulgence. It’s a civic duty.
Source: economist.com from The Economist print edition 16 December 1999
Americans and Japanese Read Faces Differently
by Melinda Wenner
Culture is a huge factor in determining whether we look someone in the eye or the kisser to interpret facial expressions, according to a new study. For instance, in
Japan, people tend to look to the eyes for emotional cues, whereas Americans tend to look to the mouth, says researcher Masaki Yuki, a behavioural scientist at Hokkaido
University in Japan. This could be because the Japanese, when in the presence of others, try to suppress their emotions more than Americans do, he said. In any
case, the eyes are more difficult to control than the mouth, he said, so they probably provide better clues about a person's emotional state even if he or she is trying to hide it.
Clues from Emoticons
As a child growing up in Japan, Yuki was fascinated by pictures of American celebrities. "Their smiles looked strange to me," Yuki told LiveScience. "They
opened their mouths too widely, and raised the corners of their mouths in an exaggerated way." Japanese people tend to shy away from overt displays of emotion, and
rarely smile or frown with their mouths, Yuki explained, because the Japanese culture tends to emphasise conformity, humbleness and emotional suppression, traits that are
thought to promote better relationships. So when Yuki entered graduate school and began communicating with American scholars over email, he was often confused by their
use of emoticons such as smiley faces :) and sad faces, or :(.
"It took some time before I finally understood that they were faces," he wrote in an email. In Japan, emoticons tend to emphasize the eyes, such as the happy face
(^_^) and the sad face (;_;). "After seeing the difference between American and Japanese emoticons, it dawned on me that the faces looked exactly like typical American and Japanese smiles," he said.
Photo Research
Intrigued, Yuki decided to study this phenomenon. First, he and his colleagues asked groups of American and Japanese students to rate how happy or sad various
computer-generated emoticons seemed to them. As Yuki predicted, the Japanese gave more weight to the emoticons' eyes when gauging emotions, whereas Americans gave more
weight to the mouth. For example, the American subjects rated smiling emoticons with sad-looking eyes as happier than the Japanese subjects did. Then he and his
colleagues manipulated photographs of real faces to control the degree to which the eyes and the mouth were happy, sad or neutral. Again, the researchers found that
Japanese subjects judged expressions based more on the eyes than the Americans, who looked to the mouth. Interestingly, however, both the Americans and Japanese tended
to rate faces with so-called "happy" eyes as neutral or sad. This could be because the muscles that are flexed around the eyes in genuine smiles are also quite active in
sadness, said James Coan, a psychologist at the University of Virginia who was not involved in the research. Research has shown that the expressive muscles around the
eyes provide key clues about a person's genuine emotions, said Coan. Because Japanese people tend to focus on the eyes, they could be better, overall, than Americans at
perceiving people's true feelings.
Although this might be a very useful skill, it could also have potential drawbacks, Yuki pointed out: "Would you really want to know if your friend's, lover's, or boss's
smile was not genuine? In some contexts, especially in the United States, maybe it is better not to know."
Source: livescience.com 10 May 2007
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